Al-Mudud

Such type of elongation is called The Original Madd or Madd Al-Asli. FAST Tajweed Intensive – Summer 2012.

Maddah Letters for Mad Tabi’i

• Al-Mudud means to stretch. The letter bearing mudud is streched while reading.

• There are 3 letters of Mudud Waaw (و), Alif (ا) and Yaa (ي).

• The Maddah Letters have to be prolonged to open a closed finger or to close an opened finger.

Explanation. الف مدّه. Alif preceded by any letter with a Fat-hah on it. واو مدّه. Waaoo Saakinah, preceded by any letter with a Dhammah on it. يا مدّه. Yaa Saakinah preceded by any letter with a Kasrah under it. FAST Tajweed Intensive – Summer 2012.

Mad Far’ i divided into two parts which are: 

1) due to Hamzah 

2) due to Sukun

Madd Wajib Al-Muttasil

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Madd Wajib Al-Muttasil (مد واجب المتصل)

• This is a type of Madd Al-Far’i. Madd Al-Muttasil takes place when there appears a Hamza AFTER the letter of Madd (that is preceded by the correct vowelling) in the SAME word. When this occurs the reciter is obliged to elongate the madd for 4 or 5 Harakat (As mentioned in the previous posts, 1 harakah (singular of Harakat) is the amount of time it takes for 1 finger to open from an enclosed fist; therefore, 5 harakat will be equivalent to a time it takes for 5 fingers to open up from an enclosed fist, 1 after the other).

• The word Muttasil means ‘connected’ and thus, this can be understood as the Hamza is connected with the letter of Madd in one word.

• Examples of Madd Wajib Al- Muttasil:

Madd Jaiz Al-Munfasil

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Madd Jaiz Al-Munfassil (مد جائز المنفصل)

• This is a type of Madd Al-Far'i.  This occurs when the letter of Madd appears at the end of 1 word and the Hamza appears at the start of the next word. When this occurs, the reciter can elongate it for  4 or 5 Harakat.

•   Examples of Madd Jaiz Al- Munfasil:

• Note: When a person recites, he should be consistent in his application of Harakat for that period of recitation. i.e. If a person chooses to apply 4 harakat, then he must maintain this 4 harakat for all occasions of Madd Jaiz Al-Munfassil for that period of recitation.

Madd Al-Badal

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Madd Al-Badal (مد البدل)

• This is a type of Madd from the category known as Madd Al-Far’i.

• This is when the letter of Madd is preceded by a Hamza (the Hamza has to have the correct vowelling in accordance with the letter of Madd in question). As a result, the letter of Madd will be elongated to 2 harakat.

• Examples of Madd Al- Badal :

Madd Al-Silah Al-Kubra

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Madd Al-Silah Al-Kubra ( مد الصلة الكبرى)

1. Al-Madd Al-Silah Al-Kubra (the longer/larger connecting prolongation) has the following conditions:

• the Madd becomes void if the reciter stops at the end of the word, sounding a Haa Saakin, i.e. you must continue to the next word in order to sound this Madd

•  the Haa on the end of the word must not be part of the original word

• the Haa sits between two voweled letters (two letters that have a diacritic on them – neither of the two can have a Sukun)

•  the Haa must be followed by a hamzah ( ء or أ )

• the Haa is voweled with either a Dammah or a kasra, but NOT a fat-Ha

• the Dammah or Kasra is lengthened for 4 -5 counts

• Examples of Madd Al-Silah Al- Kubra :

Madd Al-‘Aarid Li-l Sukun

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Madd Al-‘Aarid Li-l Sukun (مد العارض للسكون)

1. Al-Madd Al-‘Aarid Lil Sukun: temporary prolongation occurs only at the end of an ayah (or when stopping after a word) that has a Harf Madd in it (ا    or     ي     or    و). There are certain conditions to this Madd, these are as follow.

-The Harf Madd should be the 2nd last letter in the word

-The Sukun is found in stopping on [the sound of] the last letter of the word

-The Harf Madd must not have a Fat-ha, Dhammah or Kasra on it, e.g. ( يـَ   or   يـِ   or  يـُ )

-The preceding letter must have a suitable diacritic, i.e. Dhammah for Waaw, Fat-ha for Alif, Kasra for Yaa

-The reciter must stop after the word being recited in order to sound this Madd 4 or 6 counts

-The reciter can sound this Madd for 2 counts whether they are stopping or not, but generally, 2 counts are sounded only when the reciter wishes to continue.

• In the special case where a  Fat-ha precedes the Harf Madd Yaa or Waaw, it becomes known as Al-Madd Al-Leen, covered in this post. Al-Madd Al-Leen has the same principles as Al-Madd Al-‘Aarid Lil Sukun

• Examples of Madd Al-‘Aarid Li-l Sukun :

Madd Al-Lin

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Madd Al- Lin (مد اللين)

1. Madd Al-Lin: easy/eased prolongation only occurs when the reciter is stopping recitation after the word containing the madd, eg. for a breath, or at the end of an ayah, etc.

      - Let’s look at why this is so.

• Al-Madd al-lin occurs when a Waaw Saakinah ( وْ ) or a Yaa Saakinah ( يْ ) are preceded by a letter with the Fat-ha diacritic ( ــَـ).

• To be able to sound Al-Madd Al-Leen, the Yaa or Waaw must be “stretched” and not simply read with a sukun.

• The length of elongation is a choice made by the reader of either:

- 2 counts or 4 counts or 6 counts. But not all three. Or two. Or a mix.

• Conditions of Al-Madd Al-Lin:

- It’s letters are Waaw Saakinah and Yaa Saakinah

- These letters must be preceded by a letter that has a Fat-ha

- To sound this Madd, the reciter must stop after saying the word containing the Madd (otherwise the Madd is void).

• Examples of Madd Al-Lin:

Madd Lazim

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Madd Lazim (مد لازم)

1. Mad Lazim Harfi divided into two parts which are: 
   a) Muthaqqal Harfi
   b) Mukhaffaf Harfi 

• Madd Lazim Al-Harfi: letter based necessary prolongation is the second branch of Madd Lazim. This post discusses the difference between Madd Laazim Harfi Mukhfaffaf and Harfi Muthaqal as outlined in the diagram.

• Both types of Madd Lazim Harfi only apply to those chapters in the Quran that start with letters. Some of these surahs include Surat Al-Baqarah, Surat Maryam, and Surat Qaaf. Each surah begins with letters that have a special case, all of which the Madd Lazim tajweed rule covers.

• Madd Lazim Harfi Muthaqal (heavy letter based necessary prolongation) only occurs in one form (in the Quran).  It is where one of the letters (at the opening of a surah) is pronounced using three sounds, where the middle sound is a Harf Madd and the last sound is merged with the beginning sound of the next letter.

     -   Let’s put this into context. The opening of Surat Al-Baqarah is alif – laam – meem.

     -   One of these letters is pronounced with three sounds. It is laam.

ل

pronounced ( لام )

• The first sound is “L” the second, a Harf Madd is “aa” (for alif) and the third is a Meem, “mm”.

• The next letter after Laam is Meem. The last sound of Laam is “mm” and the beginning sound of meem is “mm”, hence the two “mm” sounds are merged during recitation, fulfilling the conditions of heavy letter based necessary prolongation.

• Examples of Madd Lazim Harfi Muthaqqal :

alif – laaammeeem

• Madd Laazim Harfi Mukhaffaf (light letter based necessary prolongation) applies to those letters which do not merge. Each letter is prolonged for 6 counts, except where the above exceptions occur. The letters for this type of Madd have 3 sounds. The middle is a Harf Madd, and the end is a Saakin (hence why no merging occurs). An example is the letter qaaf.

ق

pronounced ( قافْ )

• The first sound is “Q”. The second a Harf Madd, “aa” for Alif, the third is a Saakin Faa “ff”.

• The letters that apply to this type of Madd are,

ن      ق      ص      ع      س      ل      ك      م

meem,    kaaf,    laam,    seen,    ‘ayn,    saad,    qaaf,    noon

• You can remember these letters by remembering the phrase,

نقصَ عَسَلُكُم

naqasa ‘asalukum

• Examples of the  Madd Lazim Harfi Mukhaffaf (light letter) based necessary prolongation are as follow [where cts = counts]:

Haa Meem

2 cts  –  6 cts

kaaaf haa yaa ‘ayyn saaad

6 cts – 2 cts – 2 cts – 4 cts – 6 cts

‘ayyn seeen qaaaf

4 cts – 6 cts – 6 cts

nooon

6 cts

2. Mad Lazim Kalimi divided into two parts which are: 

a) Muthaqqal Kalimi

b) Mukhaffaf Kalimi

• Madd Lazim Al- Kalimi: necessary prolongation is the longest Madd in tajweed. It is an umbrella term that branches into 2 types, which also branch into another 2 types, hence making a total of 6 types of necessary prolongation.

-In this post I will discuss the right branch of Madd -Lazim.

• The right branch is Kalimi (word based). This branches out again into two types, the first, Muthaqal (heavy) and the second, Mukhaffaf (light).

• The rule for necessary prolongation is an occurrence of a grammatical (Arabic) rule. This rule says that no two Saakin letters can follow one another (as this is very difficult on the tongue). To abide by this rule, a Madd is slotted between the two Saakin for 6 counts. Let’s now differentiate between light and heavy word based necessary prolongations.

• Madd Lazim Kalimi Al-Muthaqal (heavy word based necessary prolongation) occurs in words that have a Lazim Saakin letter (where the letter has sukun as part of the original makeup of the word) after a Harf Madd. This sukun is a result of a Shaddah. As explained in a previous post, a Shaddah causes a letter to be doubled where the first occurrence has a Sukun, and the second has a diacritic (more about Shaddah here). 

• Examples of Madd Lazim Al-Kalimi Al-Muthaqal are as follow:

Al-haaaqqah

Wal-saaaffaat

Al-daaalleen

• Madd Lazim Al-Kalimi Al-Mukhaffaf (light word based necessary prolongation) occurs in a word where a Harf Madd is followed by a Lazim Saakin letter whereby this sukun is not merged with another letter. What does this mean? Just above I said that a Shaddah causes the doubling of a letter, and hence, you are merging the first occurrence with the second to make it sound as 1 Mushaddad letter. In this case, the letter with a Saakin is not because of a Shaddah, it is just a Sukun ( ْْْْo ْ) that is part of the original makeup of the word. This type of necessary prolongation is sounded for 6 counts.

• Examples of Madd Lazim Al-Kalimi Al-Mukhaffaf are as follow:

      -  This type of Madd only occurs twice in the Quran. The word is the same, even the surah is the           same. Here it is:

Surat Yunus; Ayah 51:

Aaal-aana waqad kuntum bihi tasta‘jiloona

Surat Yunus; Ayah 91:

Aaal-aana waqad ‘asayta